State Tax Reciprocity Agreements: 2026 Chart, Forms and Rules

Which state should this paycheck be taxed in, the one where your employee sleeps or the one where they work?

For most of the country the answer is both, at least to begin with. Reciprocity is the exception, and it is why someone living in Philadelphia and working in Camden pays Pennsylvania and nobody else.

We process over $20 million in monthly payroll across 300+ global companies, and from our experience cross-border withholding goes wrong quietly. Nobody notices until someone opens a W-2 and finds the wrong state on it.

Here is the 2026 chart, every exemption form, the condition each state adds on top, and the federal bill introduced this September that would change the math for every state pair at once.

What is state tax reciprocity?

State tax reciprocity is an agreement between two states that lets an employee who lives in one and works in the other pay state income tax only to their home state. The work state does not tax or withhold on those wages.

Thirty agreements are in force in 2026 across 16 states and the District of Columbia. Without one, wages can be taxed twice over, which is why the difference between payroll tax and income tax confuses people at state level.

It covers state income tax on W-2 employees only. Federal withholding, Social Security and Medicare are untouched, and the certificate sits alongside Form W-4 rather than replacing it.

Maria lives in Philadelphia and commutes to Camden, New Jersey. Once she files Form NJ-165 with her employer, New Jersey withholding stops, Pennsylvania withholding starts, and she files one state return.

That is the whole mechanism. Everything that follows is about when it applies, and what it quietly leaves behind.

How does state tax reciprocity work?

It switches on in three steps, and the order matters because the employer cannot act until the employee moves first.

• Confirm the pair: Check the home state and the state the work is sourced to actually hold an agreement.
• File the exemption form: The employee completes the work state's certificate, such as Indiana's Form WH-47, and hands it to the employer rather than the state.
• Switch the withholding: Payroll drops the work state line and starts the home state line from the next run, visible immediately in the employee's payroll deductions.

Until step two is done the work state's tax is still legally due, so never switch on a verbal request. Minnesota also wants Form MWR back every year (Minnesota Department of Revenue), and Illinois, Wisconsin, Maryland and Virginia run similar refresh rules.

Setting up multi-state withholding for the first time? Refer to this guide on how to run payroll to see where the check belongs.

What are the four types of state tax reciprocity agreement?

The type decides who signs, who grants the relief, and whether the employee feels it in the paycheck or only at filing time.

Bilateral agreements

Two states exempt each other's residents, as Pennsylvania and New Jersey do. This covers 17 of the 30 agreements, and because both sides sign, either side can end it.

Unilateral offers

Indiana, Minnesota and Wisconsin extend reciprocity to any state offering comparable treatment, rather than negotiating pair by pair.

Commuter exemptions

The District of Columbia names no partner states. It exempts every nonresident who works there and files Form D-4A.

Reverse credits

Arizona, California, Oregon and Virginia use a credit granted by the state that sourced the income, so relief lands at filing time and the paycheck never changes. Guam sits inside California's arrangement. Indiana was dropped from California's reverse credit list for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2017 (California Franchise Tax Board).

Knowing which type you are dealing with tells you what to promise the employee: a bigger paycheck from the next run, or a bigger refund next April.

Which states have tax reciprocity agreements in 2026?

Sixteen states and the District of Columbia hold reciprocity agreements in 2026: Arizona, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Jersey, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia and Wisconsin.

Each work state below is paired with the home states it recognizes and the form the employee files. Kentucky holds the most agreements, with seven partners.

The form goes to the employer, not the state, and the change should show on the very next pay stub. Ohio is the exception that catches people out: Form IT-4 carries the reciprocity exemption your employer acts on, while Form IT-4NR is the Statement of Residency Ohio requires employers to keep on file for Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Pennsylvania and West Virginia residents. File both.

Where do you download each state's exemption form?

Every certificate below goes to your employer, not to the state revenue department. These links point to the current form on each state's own site.

• Arizona: Form WEC
• District of Columbia: Form D-4A
• Illinois: Form IL-W-5-NR
• Indiana: Form WH-47
• Iowa: Form 44-016
• Kentucky: Form 42A809
• Maryland: Form MW507
• Michigan: Form MI-W4
• Minnesota: Form MWR
• Montana: Form MW-4
• New Jersey: Form NJ-165
• North Dakota: Form NDW-R
• Ohio: Form IT-4 and Form IT-4NR
• Pennsylvania: Form REV-419
• Virginia: Form VA-4
• West Virginia: Form WV/IT-104
• Wisconsin: Form W-220

Which states have reciprocity with your home state?

Find your home state on the left and the table shows every state you can work in without paying that state's income tax. This is the chart above, reversed. Eighteen home states appear, including California and Oregon, which qualify only through Arizona's reverse credit.

The District of Columbia exempts nonresidents from every state, so add the District to any row above. Arizona is the other asterisk: it runs a reverse credit, so relief there arrives when you file rather than in the paycheck.

If your pair is not on this list, the sections below cover what to file instead. Neighboring is not the same as reciprocal.

What conditions does each state add to its reciprocity agreement?

The chart tells you whether a pair exists. It does not tell you what each state bolts on top, and that is where the money leaks.

Most of the leaks come from three places: annual refresh rules, day-count limits, and local taxes that sit outside the state agreement.

Eager to see how these state lines interact with the rest of a paycheck? This guide to employer payroll taxes has the full employer-side picture.

Which states have no reciprocity agreements?

Twenty-five states tax wages but hold no reciprocity agreement: Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Utah and Vermont.

California and Oregon appear in Arizona's list as home states, but neither offers reciprocity as a work state. New York, Connecticut, Delaware and Nebraska hold none either, and each runs a convenience of the employer rule instead.

Nine states tax no wage income in 2026, so reciprocity is moot there: Alaska, Florida, Nevada, New Hampshire, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington and Wyoming. New Hampshire joined after repealing its interest and dividend tax from January 1, 2025 (New Hampshire Department of Revenue Administration).

Do Arizona, Oregon and Virginia residents still file in California?

Yes. California appears as a home state in Arizona's arrangement but grants no reciprocity as a work state. A resident of Arizona, Oregon or Virginia working in California files a California nonresident return on Form 540NR and claims the Other State Tax Credit on Schedule S there, because in a reverse credit pairing the state that sourced the income grants the credit.

California's reverse credit partners are Arizona, Guam, Oregon and Virginia. Indiana was removed for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2017, and California nonresidents may no longer claim the credit for taxes paid to Indiana (California Franchise Tax Board). Claim it on the wrong return and one of the two states will deny it.

Do Missouri and Illinois have reciprocity?

No. Missouri holds no reciprocity agreement with any state, and Illinois pairs only with Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan and Wisconsin. St. Louis commuters crossing the Mississippi file in both states.

An Illinois resident working in Missouri files a Missouri nonresident return with Form MO-NRI, which taxes only Missouri-source income, then claims a credit on the Illinois return using Schedule CR.

A Missouri resident working in Illinois files an Illinois nonresident return, then claims Missouri's resident credit on Form MO-CR (Missouri Department of Revenue).

The city layer comes on top. St. Louis charges a 1% earnings tax on nonresidents who work in the city, which voters renewed for another five years on April 7, 2026.

Kansas City has the same gap on the western border. Kansas and Missouri have no agreement despite the state line cutting through the metro, so commuters file in both.

For a commuter on either Missouri border, that means two state returns, a resident credit, and a city line on the pay stub.

Neighboring is not the same as reciprocal. Check the pair before you change a withholding line.

Who qualifies for state tax reciprocity?

Living in a paired state is not enough. The work state sets the conditions, and failing one means the employee owes its tax like any other nonresident.

• Wage and salary income only: Anything else sourced to the work state stays taxable there.
• A day-count limit: Virginia caps it at 183 days for Maryland, Pennsylvania and West Virginia residents, while District of Columbia and Kentucky residents must commute daily instead. Maryland runs its own 183-day limit.
• No abode in the work state: Keeping a home there generally breaks the exemption.
• Taxed at home: Virginia requires the income to be taxable in the employee's own state.

Read the work state's certificate instructions alongside these four, because the conditions vary far more between states than the chart suggests. Virginia alone sets a different test for each group of partner states and makes nonresidents re-certify every year (Virginia Tax).

What happens to reciprocity if you move mid-year?

Reciprocity applies only while both states qualify. Move out of a reciprocal state and the exemption stops on the date residency changes, not at year end. The employee files a part-year resident return in each state, and either files a fresh exemption certificate or revokes the old one with the employer.

• Tell payroll the week of the move: withholding follows residency from the date it changes and takes effect from the next run of your pay cycle. A late correction becomes a refund claim instead of a clean paycheck.
• Expect two part-year returns: income is split by the move date rather than apportioned evenly across the year.
• Re-check the new pair: if the new home and work states are also reciprocal, file the new work state's certificate. If they are not, work state withholding restarts.
• Keep proof of the move date: a lease, closing statement or updated driver's license, since either state may ask which day residency changed.

Treat a move like a new hire for withholding purposes. The paperwork is the same, and so is the cost of skipping it. If a bonus or other supplemental pay lands after the move, check how it is sourced separately, because it may not follow the state on the regular paycheck.

What does state tax reciprocity not cover?

This is where the expensive mistakes happen. Reciprocity is narrower than most people assume.

Local taxes keep applying

Cities and counties are not parties to these agreements. A Kentucky resident working in Cincinnati owes no Ohio state income tax but still owes Cincinnati's earnings tax, as does anyone subject to Philadelphia's wage tax.

Unemployment insurance follows the work, not the form

Unemployment tax follows a localization of work test, not residence and not the form. If services are localized in the work state, liability sits there and you register with its workforce agency.

Non-wage income stays with the source state

Rent, business income or capital gains sourced to the work state stay taxable there and can still trigger a nonresident return.

Contractors sit outside it entirely, because there is no employer withholding to exempt. Contractor payroll runs on its own rules, and the worker handles their own filings, covered in our guide to taxes for independent contractors.

Not certain which side of that line a worker falls on? Refer to this guide on telling a contractor from an employee first.

Do state tax reciprocity agreements apply to remote workers?

Yes. Where the work is sourced to a state paired with the employee's home state, reciprocity applies just as it would for a commuter, and the form is still required.

The caveat is the convenience of the employer rule. Some states source a remote employee's wages to the employer's location when the person works from home by choice rather than necessity, overriding reciprocity.

Nebraska narrowed its rule in 2024 to nonresidents in the state more than seven days a year. New Jersey's, retroactive to January 1, 2023, "does not apply to Pennsylvania residents who work in New Jersey, since there is a Reciprocal Agreement in place" (New Jersey Division of Taxation).

New Jersey now pays residents to fight the rule

A 2023 New Jersey law also lets a resident claim a refundable credit worth 50 percent of the extra New Jersey tax due when they successfully challenge another state's convenience rule, for tax years 2020 through 2023.

The bar is high: be denied a refund by the other state, appeal to its tax court, and win. The Treasury reported in October 2024 that one taxpayer had recovered over $7,000.

Map each person's home state and work source state once, then re-check whenever somebody moves. Teams running remote workforce solutions at scale build this into onboarding.

How is state tax handled when there is no reciprocity agreement?

The work state withholds first. The employee files a nonresident return there and a resident return at home, and the home state credits the tax already paid, usually capped at what it would have charged itself.

The employee pays the higher of the two rates, and the filing work doubles.

That credit is not optional. In Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne (2015) the Supreme Court held a scheme failing to credit tax paid elsewhere unconstitutional, so reciprocity is a convenience improvement, not a cure for double taxation.

What should you do if the wrong state was withheld?

The fix has two halves: stop the bleeding, then recover what has gone.

• File the exemption form now: It corrects future paychecks, not past ones.
• Claim the refund from the work state: File a nonresident return there. Some states use a dedicated refund form, such as Virginia's Form 763-S (Virginia Tax).
• Report the income at home: The wages still belong on the resident return, and if the home state got nothing all year, make an estimated payment to avoid a penalty.
• Correct the W-2 once the year has closed: Form W-2c fixes the state wage and withholding boxes, and where only state or local data changes, Copy A does not go to the SSA. Our guide to W-2 employer requirements has the deadlines and penalty tiers.
• Set a reminder: Re-file wherever annual certification applies.

Most of it is a setup problem, which is worth weighing when choosing a payroll provider.

Could state tax reciprocity change in 2026 and beyond?

Two things are moving at once: one state pair that keeps almost reviving, and a federal bill that would make the whole mechanism redundant.

The Minnesota and Wisconsin question

The two states ran an agreement for over forty years until Minnesota ended it from January 1, 2010, citing delayed payments. 2023 Wisconsin Act 147 required a joint study on reinstating it, delivered in December 2024.

The Act restored nothing by itself, which is the part most coverage skips. A deal still needs both revenue departments and, on the Wisconsin side, the governor and the Joint Committee on Finance. Wisconsin still treats reciprocity as terminated (Wisconsin Department of Revenue).

The federal bill that would bypass the system entirely

Versions of the Mobile Workforce State Income Tax Simplification Act have been introduced for over a decade, and the current pair is live. S. 1443 reached the Senate on April 10, 2025, and H.R. 10271 followed in the House on September 3, 2026.

Wages would be taxable only where the employee's primary duties sit, plus any state where they work more than 30 days in the calendar year. That would do for all fifty states what reciprocity does for thirty pairs, and make most exemption certificates redundant.

Neither bill has moved beyond committee referral as of September 2026. States signed these agreements steadily until the pace stalled in the early 1990s, and the Tax Foundation put the pre-pandemic figure at roughly 5.8 million Americans working outside their state of residence (Tax Foundation).

So nothing on your payroll changes this year. Treat the 2026 chart as current, and calendar a check each January in case a pair is added or dropped.

How should employers manage state tax reciprocity?

The operational saving lands on the employer. One withholding state per employee removes reconciliation work, is easy to defend in an audit, and widens your hiring radius. None of that is automatic, which is what makes payroll automation reliable rather than mostly reliable.

Four habits separate the teams that never think about reciprocity from the ones that spend every March fixing it.

• Decide the withholding state before the first pay run: Confirm it at onboarding, not after money has gone out. Smaller teams lean on payroll services for small business here.
• Collect the exemption form as an onboarding document: Treat it like the federal W-4. No form, no exemption.
• Track expiry dates: Calendar the re-certification, or the state simply resumes withholding.
• Keep the evidence: Auditors ask for the form, the effective date, and payroll records that match, which is what an EOR compliance audit checklist is built around.

If the load is the real problem rather than the rules, read the trade-offs between keeping payroll in-house and using a co-employer, and this guide to what a PEO actually does.

This guide is general information, not tax advice. State rules change and individual circumstances vary, so confirm your position with a qualified tax professional or the relevant state revenue department before changing a withholding line. Verified against state revenue department sources as of October 6, 2026.

How can Wisemonk help you hire and pay beyond state lines?

Wisemonk is an India-native Employer of Record (EOR) and managed payroll partner. We have helped over 300 global companies hire, pay, and manage more than 2,000 employees without setting up a local business entity.

Reciprocity is a domestic US question your US payroll handles. The moment a hire sits outside the country the questions change: who is legally the employer, which statutory contributions apply, and whether the arrangement creates permanent establishment risk. That is the part we take on.

• Hiring and onboarding: We become the legal employer on paper, issue contracts that hold up under local law, run background verification, ship and track equipment, and get a joiner productive in days rather than months. Read more in our guide to the employee onboarding process.
• Payroll and payments: We run the full monthly cycle in-house, from salary structuring and statutory deductions to filings, payslips and year-end tax documents, paying people in local currency on a fixed date. See this guide to global payroll services for how the model works.
• Benefits administration: We source and administer the whole package, including group health cover for employees and dependents, insurance, retirement contributions and the flexible allowances local hires expect, then handle enrollment and claims directly. Use this guide to EOR benefits administration for the detail.
• Compliance and classification: We stay accountable for the employment record itself: worker classification, statutory registrations, labor law obligations, audit-ready documentation, and compliant notice and severance. Refer to this guide on employer of record compliance to know more.
• Contractor management: We contract, onboard and pay independent contractors on the same platform as employees, with compliant agreements, invoicing, tax documentation and cross-border payments, plus a conversion path when a contractor should really be an employee. To see where that line sits, read our guide to 1099 contractors.

You can refer to our blogs for how the pieces fit together, starting with our global payroll guide.

We support global companies hiring through EOR, managed payroll, contractor management, and GCC setup. We are currently planning our expansion into future markets including the US and the UK.

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